Obesity and weight-related health problems are the new epidemics in twenty-first century Ireland. Obesity is now almost as bad as cigarette smoking as a major preventable cause of premature death.

Obesity is defined as excess body fat. In men, body fat tends to accumulate particularly around the belly area and upper chest, which increases the chances of heart attack and stroke. In addition, the explosion of diabetes in recent years is directly related to the increase in the number of people suffering from obesity.

The amount of body fat you have and where it is distributed is very important for your health. What you weigh is less important than where that weight is distributed.

Some Scary Facts and Figures

• Over 60 per cent of Irish men are either overweight or obese.
• About two-fifths of Irish men are overweight and one-quarter of Irish men are obese.
• The trend towards obesity is increasing and it is estimated that by the year 2050 up to 60 per cent of Irish men may be obese.

Apples and Pears

Did you know that the shape of your body can be directly related to your

later risk of ill-health? Pear-shaped people tend to store fat around their hips and thighs while apple-shaped people store fat around their bellies. This apple shape, known as central obesity, increases your risk of heart disease, diabetes and ill health. Big bellies beware!

What Are the Health Consequences of Being Overweight or Obese?

Obesity is associated with a whole range of physical conditions, including heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis, gall stones, hernia, varicose veins and several cancers, including bowel cancer. In addition, obesity may be associated with a range of psychological issues, including low selfesteem, poor body image and depression.

What Causes Obesity?

In the vast majority of cases, being overweight or obese is due to a simple mismatch between the amount of energy consumed, in the form of food and beverages, and the amount of energy medstore canada expended, in the form of exercise. A typical adult male requires 2,000-2,500 calories a day, depending on age. The calorie requirements get lower as we get older. It is believed that 1 pound of fat equates to about 3,000 excess calories.

For many men the increased demands of work, career and family life mean that exercise habits and sporting interests often keenly pursued during the teens and early twenties get put to one side. The result is that much less energy is burned up. The sedentary lifestyle of modern living can mean hours in the car and sitting watching television with no opportunity to burn calories. Combine this with a high-fat diet of large portions and lots of processed food and the effects can be lethal. Even subtle lifestyle changes over time can lead to a net gain in terms of calories consumed. These excess calories are stored in the body as fat. A small increase in calorie intake (food or drink) combined with a small reduction in activity or exercise levels leads to net weight gain over time.

As a female with saltwasting CAH, growing up was quite traumatic. My parents knew very little, as doctors had simply told them I would need steroid replacement for life in order to stay alive and that they could ‘fix me surgically’ for the genital ambiguity. While doctors were allowed to examine, poke and prod intimate parts of my body, no explanation was given to me other than ‘Take the tablets, have the surgery, don’t ask questions, don’t tell anyone anything and don’t touch, everything will be OK.’ In reality it has been far from OK. I became very shy and withdrawn. While my peers always seemed to have lots of friends, went out and so on, I stayed in, had few friends and felt unable to talk to them. I was forever in and out of hospital and had endless hospital visits for check-ups. The surgery was very traumatic.

Age 4

Total clitorectomy. My enlarged clitoris of two to three cm did not bother me or cause pain. Following surgery, I had lots of pain and heavy scarring and was always told not to look at or touch my body. I was extremely frightened as I was well when I went into hospital and came out feeling ill with a huge sense of loss, even though at the time I did not know what had been done to me, or what the significance was going to be later in life. I just knew that something was missing. I went from being a happy child, although quite sickly, to being withdrawn.

Age 11

First vaginoplasty. Again no explanation other than ‘Something’s not quite right and the doctor will fix it. Don’t ask questions.’ As I was just into puberty, this was traumatic with a gynaecologist poking and prodding intimate parts of me followed by surgery.

Age 12

Told at check-up that I would never be able to have children. I was totally devastated and became more withdrawn. I was also told that if I wanted to marry I would need to see a gynaecologist before doing so and not to ever let anyone, especially men, see my body except for doctors. The surgery is supposed to make a female with CAH more ‘visually’ and physically acceptable sexually to men and to enable ‘married life’, which I later realized was a euphemism for sexual intercourse.

Age 13

More surgery as the first vaginoplasty had scarred and developed stenosis (scarring that causes surrounding tissue to shrink) and had adhesions (small pieces of tissue that had stuck to the sides of the repaired vagina). No one had explained to me at the time why surgical packing had been placed inside me or why there was lots of blood so I had pulled the packing out as it was agonisingly painful. This had resulted in a sharp telling off by the doctor, nurses and parents at the time and the warning that I would require more surgery as a result. The final surgery was to remove the adhesions and widen the vaginal opening.

Prophylactic Treatment Viagra Online in Canada

Hormonal agents should be cautioned in children due to their ability of promoting fusion of the epiphyseal plate and also the effect on sexual maturation. These agents are contraindicated in children who have not completed sexual maturation and growth or in patients who are attempting to conceive. The use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors as prophylaxis has been recognized as a result of extensive work into the molecular pathophysiology of priapism, especially in patients with sickle-cell disease. The use of this agent may seem counterintuitive. Early reports suggested the mechanism of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors may be via selective vasodilatation in the corpora. Downregulation of phosphodiesterase type 5 expression has been seen in cavernosal tissue in cases of recurrent priapism. In young adult rats chronically treated with sildenafil, phosphodiesterase type 5 expression is increased.

So the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors increases levels of cGMP which leads to increased phosphodiesterase type 5 pro-moter activity and hence transcription and production of the enzyme. This enzyme metabolizes cGMP and controls the excessive cGMP signaling in priapic tissue. Burnett et al. reported on four cases of stuttering priapism, three of who had sickle-cell disease and were treated with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. The agents were able to reduce the episodes of stuttering priapism and preserve potency. The drug should ideally be taken in the morning to avoid high concentrations at night during sleep related erections. Only one episode of major priapism has occurred with use and this was taken in the evening preceding sexual stimulation.

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are generally well tolerated, but may cause headache, facial flushing, rhinitis, and dyspepsia. There may be transient effects on the blood pressure and heart rate as these drugs are vasodilators. They are contraindicated with the use of nitrates.

Adrenergic agents may be administered as self intracorporeal injections in patients who fail or refuse systemic oral therapy for stuttering priapism. McDonald et al. documented success with home self injections of metaraminol in a patient with sickle-cell trait with stuttering priapism. These patients should be taught about the injection site, dosing and systemic adverse effects. It must be emphasized that this is not true prophylaxis, as episodes of priapism are being treated rather than prevented. In addition, there is the potential for adverse systemic effects if drugs Australia Pharmacy shop are injected inadvertently systemically. Alpha agonists are contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension, coronary insufficiency, and arrhythmia. There have also been case reports of success with use of intracorporeal injections of epinephrine and etilefrine.

Nevertheless, this form of treatment is not preferred over oral systemic prophylaxis.

Neurologic

In order to understand the success of the current oral therapy for ED, we first have to look at a brief overview of erectile physiology. Erections are initiated, maintained, and terminated due to a complex interaction between the neural and vascular components. Both central and peripheral factors are responsible for successful erections.

Vascular

The main event that seems to have the most influence on the maintenance of erections is the release of NO both from the autonomic nerve endings and the endothelial cells in the corpora cavernosum. The release of NO causes vasodilation of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and allows for tumescence to occur. NO facilitates vasodilation and relaxation by activating guanylate cyclase. This enzyme converts guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is directly responsible for smooth muscle relaxation by its effect on intracellular calcium levels. Hyperpolarization occurs at the cell membrane, there is a decrease in cytoplasmic calcium, and the SMC relaxes. Levels of cGMP in the SMCs of the penis are regulated by the enzyme phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE­5). Detumescence occurs with sympathetic nerve firing. Adrenergic nerves release norepinephrine (NE) that binds to a1 or a2 receptors on the SMC. This neurotransmitter is responsible for the activation of a G­protein and an influx of calcium into the SMC. As PDE­5 continues to breakdown cGMP to guanosine monophosphate (GMP), the SMCs and the endothelial cells con­ tract; this is the chronic state of the flaccid penis.

Oral Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Viagra sales Australia

• PDE­5
• Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
• Side effects
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Phosphodiesterase, as mentioned in the previous section, is paramount to the breakdown of cGMP in the SMC. This enzyme is found in several different tissues throughout the body and has been categorized into 11 families. The family that is found in corpora cavernosum tissue as well as smooth muscle and vascular smooth muscle is PDE­5. As the role of PDE­5 was elucidated in the 1980s, drugs were targeted to inhibit this enzyme and increase the NO in SMCs. A result of this was an unexpected increase in NO in penile tissue and improvement in erectile function.

PDE­5 inhibitors were first marketed in 1998 with the dawn of sildenafil (Viagra®). This was followed closely in 2003 with vardenafil (Levitra®) and tadalafil Australia (Cialis®). As the market for these drugs has increased, it has been important to identify the safety, efficacy, and limitations of these drugs. When choosing a PDE­5 inhibitor for a patient, it is important to know the onset of action, efficacy, and duration. Studies usually will define the maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach this plasma concentration (Tmax), and the plasma half­life (t ½). How well these laboratory findings correlate to clinical findings is sometimes difficult to determine and the measuring tool most commonly used to evaluate efficacy is the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) domain score.

Thankfully, a number of treatments are now available to help men with erectile dysfunction – but with claims of significant Viagra side effects, can this medicine really be trusted? For millions of men worldwide, erectile dysfunction can be a devastating problem, with an emotional impact that often far outweighs the severity of the symptoms themselves. Whilst not being able to achieve or sustain an erection is not debilitating in and of itself, sufferers can often feel emasculated, inferior to other men and unable to live life fully.

In order to understand the potential effects and the likelihood of them occurring, it is first useful to grasp just how medicines like Viagra work. When a man is sexually aroused, the blood vessels in the penis will dilate in order to allow increased blood flow and create an erection. Later, a substance called Phosphodiesterase Type 5 is released to return the blood vessels to normal, allowing the penis to become flaccid again.

In sufferers of erectile dysfunction, Phosphodiesterase Type 5 is released too early, causing the blood vessels to decrease in size and putting a stop to an erection. In some cases this can be shortly after penetration, but at its most severe a man will not be able to become erect at all. The active ingredient in erectile dysfunction tablets works to stop this substance from acting too quickly, enabling an erection to occur and persist.

Now then anyone can Buy Viagra Online we need to talk about it side effects. What these medicines do not do is force an erection to occur. A common misconception is that a prolonged, uncontrollable erection is one of the Viagra effects but, in reality, men who are using erectile dysfunction treatment will only get an erection when aroused, just like everybody else. In the many studies of Viagra side effects specifically, a persistent, painful erection has not been observed even once. Of course, for other medicines, you should check the list of side effects fully before you begin taking the tablet.

As with any prescription medicine, it is perfectly possible that, sometimes, side effects will happen when using erectile dysfunction treatment, although side effects are uncommon. Mostly, men report mild headaches, facial flushing and indigestion, all of which are the result of more dilated blood vessels in the body. However, where men experienced Viagra side effects, they were quick to add that the side effects were mild and disappeared quickly. Some men who have encountered side effects when using erectile dysfunction pills stopped treatment immediately, but a larger number of men proceeded with ongoing treatment anyway.

Perhaps the most important thing to consider when thinking about a course of erectile dysfunction medicine is the potential benefits weighed up against the potential side effects. Is the increased confidence and sexual ability worth the risk of encountering adverse reactions? The answer to that question is a very personal one, individual to every man depending on how they feel erectile dysfunction is affecting their lives.

On the market you can find many types of Viagra, one of this is Sublingual Viagra, it have same side effects with origin Viagra. More information here!

There is a range of alternative techniques that thousands of men use to achieve and sustain an erection without resorting to prescription medication. Unfortunately, these alternatives don’t work for everybody and the reality is that, for millions of men worldwide, using medication has restored them to the man they feel they used to be. A pharmaceutical solution does not suit all patients, but provides another option for men who are looking to rid themselves of erectile dysfunction.

By coming to understand the way that erectile dysfunction medications work, exploring the benefits and understanding Sublingual Viagra side effects, men can make an educated choice to use a treatment method that really works for them.

The major sources of caffeine are tea and coffee, although cacao trees, kola nuts, and 60 other plants all contain differing amounts of caffeine.1,2 Shen Nong (meaning “Divine Farmer” in Chinese) was credited with the discovery of tea.

Shen Nong was the emperor when agriculture started in China around 2737 b.c. He invented the plow, taught his people husbandry, and discovered the curative value of plants. On one of his trips to visit his constituency, his servant boiled water for him using the branches of a tea tree to make the fire. Some of the tea leaves fell into the wok, and the emperor found the water refreshing and exhilarating. From then on, he always asked for those particular tea leaves to make his drinks.

One of Shen Nong’s most important contributions was pioneering Chinese herbal medicine. Legend has it that he tasted 100 plants to gauge their medicinal utility. Unavoidably, he ingested poisonous leaves on many occasions. Whenever he did, he would chew tea leaves to expel the poison, and he went on to live more than 100 years. From then on, tea drinking became an integral part of Chinese culture. It was revered almost as a panacea, a cure for headache, indigestion, kidney trouble, and ulcers. It was also viewed as a guard against the noxious gases of the body and lethargy. The art of tea drinking reached its pinnacle in the Tang Dynasty (618 a.d. to 907 a.d.) when Lu Yu, a well-known poet, wrote Chб Jing (The Classics of Tea) at the request of a group of tea merchants. Chб Jing detailed every aspect of tea growing, harvesting, manufacturing, brewing, and drinking. Because the Tang Dynasty boasted the most civilized and richest culture in the world, scholars and merchants from other countries flocked to China to learn agriculture, military, trade, and language. Tea culture rapidly spread through Asia and the Middle East. By the 1600s, tea was being imported to the West in general and England in particular. Nowadays, it is hard to imagine British culture without tea. Most interestingly, tea helped initiate the American Revolution, when King George III imposed upon the 13 colonies exorbitant tariffs on tea and other goods through the 1765 Stamp Act. The revolution began with the Boston Tea Party, when colonists threw tea overboard in protest. The rest is history. In a way, tea was partially responsible for the birth of the United States of America.

According to legend, coffee was discovered by a goatherd. A long, long time ago, Kaldi, a young Ethiopian goatherd, noticed that some of his goats became exceedingly energetic after having chewed the red berries of a hillside shrub. Interest piqued, Kaldi picked some berries and chewed some himself. Soon enough he found his sleepiness and weariness gone and felt refreshed, even exhilarated. The monks in a nearby monastery learned of Kaldi’s experience and began to boil the red berries in their drinks so that they could keep awake during long hours of praying. Word started to spread about the magic berries, and coffee became a favorite drink in Africa and the Middle East. In the 1600s and 1700s, coffee drinking was adopted in Europe and has become popular ever since. In 1820, German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge isolated an alkaloid from the coffee bean, which he dubbed “caffeine,” indicating something found in coffee. Caffeine is capable of eliciting many central nervous system effects. Mechanisti- cally, caffeine’s major physiological effect is the result of inhibiting the adenosine receptor in the brain. Without caffeine, adenosine acts as a neuromodulator that slows down the movements of neurotransmitters by binding tightly to their receptors, thus inducing sleep. Caffeine competes with adenosine for binding to the receptors of other neurotransmitters and keeps us awake. Despite its universal use, caffeine is rarely overdosed, simply because people become too anxious after consuming too much caffeine. Like all chemicals, caffeine is toxic at high doses. It takes 10 grams of caffeine, which is the equivalent of about that in 100 cups of coffee consumed one after another without interruption, to kill a person. Consumption of too much caffeine has been linked to a higher rate of kidney, bladder, and pancreatic cancer, fibrocystic breast disease, and osteoporosis, although the direct linkage is hard to pin down. Cheap female viagra Both France and Denmark have banned high caffeine-content drinks such as Red Bull, citing health concerns about the elevated caffeine level.

Alcohol produces a range of central-nervous-system-related biological effects, including anxiety reduction, euphoria, sedation, disinhibition, aggression, blackouts, tolerance, addiction, and withdrawal. The Chinese have used alcoholic drinks since 5000 b.c. Presumably, man ventured to drink the liquid from fermented grain, liked the intoxicating effect, and started to make it on purpose. Alcohol has been used as an anesthetic for millennia. Alcohol is indispensable in medicine as a solvent. Laudanum, a staple of the medicine chest in the nineteenth century, was simply an alcoholic solution of opium. NyQuil, a cough syrup, and Listerine, an oral antiseptic, all contain copious amounts of ethanol. Alcohol has beneficial effects when consumed in moderate amounts. Research strongly suggests that moderate consumption of alcohol, especially red wine and dark beer, seems to have protective effects on the heart. The hallmarks of the Mediterranean diet are olive oil and red wine, and people from such countries have fewer cardiovascular events. Flavonoids, the active principle in red wine, are thought to exert beneficial cardiovascular effects. Canadian health care mall – great discounts online.

According to the Bible (Genesis 9:20–21), Noah was the first man who discovered wine: “Noah, a man of the soil, was the first to plant a vineyard. When he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and lay uncovered inside his tent.” The New Testament gives an account of Jesus performing his first miracle—turning water into wine.

Despite the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption, excessive use of alcohol damages the brain, heart, and liver. Even mild drunkenness can cause temporary loss of memory. The liver metabolizes alcohol with an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase, which turns alcohol into acetaldehyde. Because acetaldehyde is acutely toxic, people—including many Asians—who lack alcohol dehydrogenase cannot tolerate much alcohol. This is the reason that their faces become flush when they drink alcohol and that there are fewer incidents of alcoholism in Asians. Alcoholism is known to cause psychosis and alcoholic dementia. To fight the “demon rum,” on January 16, 1919, the U.S. Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting “the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors.” It was repealed 14 years later, the only amendment to the U.S. Constitution that has been repealed.

One of the earliest drugs used to combat alcoholism was disulfiram (trade name Antabuse), discovered by Erik Jacobsen and his colleague, Jens Hald. In 1949 Jacobsen and Hald, at the Medicinalco Pharmaceutical Company in Copenhagen, Denmark, were studying new vermifuges, a parasite. They discovered that disulfiram, a drug with four sulfur atoms, was very toxic to parasites but not to humans. To confirm the safety of the drug, they both took it themselves, partially to kill the parasites that infested them during their experiments (today’s scientists would be dumbfounded about the lack of safety precautions during research at that time). Afterward, both of them went to a party, and, after consuming a few drinks, they experienced bright flushing of the face and neck extending to the chest and arms, ringing ears, a rapid pulse, headaches, giddiness, and drowsiness. All the symptoms were identical to those of drunkenness, which is caused by alcohol accumulation and a lack of alcohol dehydrogenase. Having accidentally discovered disulfiram’s countereffect on alcohol, they published their observations in the British journal Lancet, and disulfiram has been used to combat alcoholism ever since. Unfortunately, disulfiram triggered aversion to alcohol only by causing users to get sick when they drank. Two additional drugs for treating alcoholism are on the market—one is naltrexone, a morphine analog; the other is acamprostate calcium (trade name Campral). The two drugs have a weak market, with a monthly prescription of 20,000. In terms of mechanism of action, all three antialcoholism drugs—Antabuse, naltrexone, and Campral—work by interfering with the way seven neurotransmitters in the brain interact with cells. Considering that 18 million people in the United States have drinking problems, a more ideal and more effective drug for treating alcoholism is desired to fill this unmet medical need. Cialis australia no prescription

Patients with mental disorders have a tendency to use stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamine, and alcohol, to relieve their depression. Alcohol is the favored choice because it is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. Alcoholism is also prevalent among patients with bipolar disorder. But because alcohol is also a depressant, in addition to being a stimulant, the initial blunt of psychic pain is eventually replaced by more intensified depression.